Iwanohara Vineyard

Kawakami Zenbei planted grapes here in 1890 and spent the rest of his life crossbreeding European vines with hardier stock to find something that would survive a Joetsu winter. He made more than 10,000 crosses. Muscat Bailey A, the variety he selected out of that work, is still the most widely planted red wine grape in Japan, which makes this hillside the origin point of Japanese wine grape growing rather than a picturesque adjunct to it.

Stone Cellar No. 1, dug in 1898, is the oldest surviving wine cellar in Japan and was the first structure in the country to be registered as a Tangible Cultural Property. Stone Cellar No. 2 is cooled by a yukimuro — a chamber packed with snow in winter that holds the cellar temperature through summer without power. Both are open to walk through, along with a room on Kawakami himself and the vineyard rows above.

Kawakami's decades of crossbreeding were, in effect, an attempt to solve a problem European viticulture had never had to face: growing wine grapes in a climate that regularly buries the vines under several meters of snow and swings between humid summers and brutally cold winters within the same growing season. Most of the vinifera varieties he started with either failed to ripen or died outright, which is why Muscat Bailey A's eventual success mattered so much beyond this one hillside — it proved a domestically bred grape could produce a genuinely drinkable wine under conditions no imported variety could tolerate, and it became the template other Japanese wine regions followed rather than simply importing European rootstock wholesale. The estate today still frames itself around that experimental origin rather than around scenery, and the exhibition room's collection of Kawakami's notebooks and grafting records is treated by the winery as being as central to a visit as the tasting itself.